Article 133, Dentistry and Dental Hygiene and Registered Dental Assisting

This article applies to the professions of dentistry, dental hygiene, and registered dental assisting. The general provisions for all professions contained in article one hundred thirty of this title apply to this article.

The practice of the profession of dentistry is defined as diagnosing, treating, operating, or prescribing for any disease, pain, injury, deformity, or physical condition of the oral and maxillofacial area related to restoring and maintaining dental health. The practice of dentistry includes the prescribing and fabrication of dental prostheses and appliances. The practice of dentistry may include performing physical evaluations in conjunction with the provision of dental treatment.

Only a person licensed or otherwise authorized to practice under this article shall practice dentistry or use the title "dentist".

A state board for dentistry shall be appointed by the board of regents on recommendation of the commissioner for the purpose of assisting the board of regents and the department on matters of professional licensing and professional conduct in accordance with section sixty-five hundred eight of this title. The board shall be composed of not less than thirteen dentists licensed in this state for at least five years, not less than three dental hygienists licensed in this state for at least five years, and not less than one registered dental assistant licensed in this state for at least one year. An executive secretary to the board shall be appointed by the board of regents on recommendation of the commissioner and shall be a dentist licensed in this state.

To qualify for a license as a dentist, an applicant shall fulfill the following requirements:

1. Application: file an application with the department;
2. Education: have received an education, including a doctoral degree in dentistry, in accordance with the commissioner's regulations;
3. Experience: have experience satisfactory to the board and in accordance with the commissioner's regulations, provided that such experience shall consist of satisfactory completion of a clinically-based postdoctoral general practice or specialty dental residency program, of at least one year's duration, in a hospital or dental facility accredited for teaching purposes by a national accrediting body approved by the department, provided, further that any such residency program shall include a formal outcome assessment evaluation of the resident's competence to practice dentistry acceptable to the department;
4. Examination: pass a written examination satisfactory to the board and in accordance with the commissioner's regulations;
5. Age: be at least twenty-one years of age;
6. Citizenship or immigration status: be a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States; provided, however, that the board of regents may grant a three year waiver for an alien to practice in an area which has been designated a federal dental health professions shortage area, except that the board of regents may grant an additional extension not to exceed six years to an alien to enable him or her to secure citizenship or permanent resident status, provided such status is being actively pursued;
7. Character: be of good moral character as determined by the department; and
8. Fees: pay a fee of two hundred twenty dollars to the department for admission to a department conducted examination and for an initial license, a fee of one hundred fifteen dollars for each reexamination, a fee of one hundred thirty-five dollars for an initial license for persons not requiring admission to a department conducted examination, and a fee of two hundred ten dollars for each triennial registration period.

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   1. Each dentist, licensed pursuant to this article, required to register triennially with the department to practice in this state shall comply with the provisions of the mandatory continuing education requirements, except as set forth in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this subdivision. Dentists who do not satisfy the mandatory continuing education requirements shall not practice until they have met such requirements and have been issued a registration or conditional registration certificate.
   2. Dentists shall be exempt from the mandatory continuing education requirement for the triennial registration period during which they are first licensed. In accordance with the intent of this section, adjustments to the mandatory continuing education requirement may be granted by the department for reasons of health, certified by a physician, for extended active duty with the armed forces of the United States, or for other good cause acceptable to the department which may prevent compliance.
   3. A licensed dentist not engaged in public practice as an individual practitioner, a partner of a partnership, a shareholder of a professional service corporation, or an employee of such practice units, shall be exempt from the mandatory continuing education requirement upon the filing of a statement with the department declaring such status. Any licensee who returns to the public practice of dentistry during the triennial registration period shall notify the department prior to reentering the profession and shall meet such mandatory continuing education requirements as shall be prescribed by regulation of the commissioner.
2. During each triennial registration period an applicant for registration shall complete a minimum of sixty hours of acceptable formal continuing education, a maximum of eighteen hours of which may be self-instructional coursework as approved by the department. Beginning with the first registration renewal period for any dentist occurring on or after January first, two thousand two, and before the occurrence of the second registration renewal period following that date, a dentist shall have completed on a one-time basis, as part of the sixty hours of acceptable formal continuing education required by this section, no fewer than two hours of coursework and training regarding the chemical and related effects and usage of tobacco and tobacco products and the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of the oral health effects, including but not limited to cancers and other diseases, caused by tobacco and tobacco products, provided that any dentist who provides written proof satisfactory to the department that the dentist has completed, at any time subsequent to the effective date of this section, an approved mandatory continuing education course of not less than two hours in the same or substantially similar subject matter shall be deemed to have met this requirement, and further provided that dentists who are exempt from the mandatory continuing education requirement for the triennial registration period during which they are first licensed shall also be exempt from this requirement for that period. Any dentist whose first registration date following the effective date of this section occurs less than three years from such effective date, but on or after January first, nineteen hundred ninety-eight and before July first, two thousand eight, shall complete continuing education hours on a prorated basis at the rate of one and one-quarter hours per month for the period beginning January first, nineteen hundred ninety-seven up to the first registration date thereafter. For any registration period beginning before July first, two thousand eight and ending on or after such date, each dentist shall complete continuing education hours on a pro rata basis at a rate of one and one-quarter hours per month for the period ending June thirtieth, two thousand eight and at a rate of one and two-thirds hours per month for the period beginning July first, two thousand eight up to the first registration date thereafter. A licensee who has not satisfied the mandatory continuing education requirements shall not be issued a triennial registration certificate by the department and shall not practice unless and until a conditional registration certificate is issued as provided in subdivision three of this section. The individual licensee shall determine the selection of courses or programs of study pursuant to subdivision four of this section.
3. The department, in its discretion, may issue a conditional registration to a licensee who fails to meet the continuing education requirements established in subdivision two of this section but who agrees to make up any deficiencies and take any additional education which the department may require. The fee for such a conditional registration shall be the same as, and in addition to, the fee for the triennial registration. The duration of such conditional registration shall be determined by the department. Any licensee who is notified of the denial of registration for failure to submit evidence, satisfactory to the department, of completion of required continuing education and who practices dentistry without such registration, may be subject to disciplinary proceedings pursuant to section sixty-five hundred ten of this title.
4. As used in this section, "acceptable formal continuing education" shall mean formal programs of learning which contribute to professional practice and which meet the standards prescribed by regulations of the commissioner. To fulfill the mandatory continuing education requirement, programs must be taken from sponsors having at least one full-time employee and the facilities, equipment, and financial and physical resources to provide continuing education courses, approved by the department, pursuant to the regulations of the commissioner.
5. The mandatory continuing education fee shall be forty-five dollars, shall be payable on or before the first day of each triennial registration period, and shall be paid in addition to the triennial registration fee required by section six thousand six hundred four of this article.
6. On or after the effective date of this subdivision, and no later than the end of the first registration period commencing on or after such date during which he or she is required to comply with the continuing education requirements of this section, each dentist shall have completed on a one-time basis, as part of the mandatory hours of acceptable formal continuing education required by this section, no fewer than three hours in a course approved by the department in dental jurisprudence and ethics, which shall include the laws, rules, regulations and ethical principles relating to the practice of dentistry in New York state, provided that postgraduate dental students enrolled in New York state dental residency programs may satisfy the requirements of this subdivision by taking such an approved course during the period of their dental residency prior to their initial licensure.

1. The department may issue a restricted dental faculty license to a full-time faculty member employed at an approved New York state school of dentistry. The holder of such restricted dental faculty license shall have the authority to practice dentistry, as defined in this article, but such practice of dentistry shall be limited to the school's facilities or the school's clinics, or facilities or clinics with relationships to the school confirmed by formal affiliation agreements. Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize such holder of a restricted dental faculty license to engage in the private practice of dentistry at any other site.
2. To qualify for a restricted dental faculty license the applicant shall present satisfactory evidence of the following:
   1. The completion of a total of no less than six academic years of pre-professional and professional education, including:
      1. courses in general chemistry, organic chemistry, biology or zoology and physics; and
      2. not less than four academic years of professional dental education satisfactory to the department culminating in a degree, diploma or certificate in dentistry recognized by the appropriate civil authorities of the jurisdiction in which the school is located as acceptable for entry into practice in the jurisdiction in which the school is located.
   2. Within the last five years, have two years of satisfactory practice as a dentist or have satisfactorily completed an advanced education program in general dentistry or in a dental specialty, provided such program is accredited by an organization accepted by the department as a reliable authority for the purpose of accrediting such programs (such as the commission on dental accreditation); and
   3. Possesses good moral character as determined by the department.
3. The dean of the dental school shall notify the department in writing upon the submission of an initial license application and yearly thereafter that the holder of the dental faculty license is employed full-time at the dental school. Full-time employment means the holder of such dental faculty license devotes at least four full working days per week in teaching or patient care, research or administrative duties at the dental school where employed. The dean of the dental school and the holder of such dental faculty license shall each notify the department in writing within thirty days of the termination of full-time employment.
4. In order to continue to practice dentistry, the holder of a restricted dental faculty license shall apply for and hold a current triennial registration which shall be subject to the same registration requirements as apply to holders of unrestricted dental licenses, except that such registration shall be issued only upon the submission of documentation satisfactory to the department of the holder's continued status as a full-time dental faculty member, provided that such registration shall immediately terminate and the holder shall no longer be authorized to practice if the holder ceases to be a full-time dental faculty member at an approved New York state school of dentistry.
5. The holder of this restricted dental faculty license shall be subject to the professional misconduct provisions set forth in article one hundred thirty of this chapter and in the rules of the board of regents and the regulations of the commissioner.
6. The fee for each restricted dental faculty license shall be three hundred dollars, and the fee for initial registration and each subsequent re-registration shall be three hundred dollars.
7. In order to be eligible for a restricted dental faculty license an applicant must be a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States; provided, however, that the department may grant a three year waiver for an alien who otherwise meets all other requirements for a restricted dental faculty license except that the department may grant an additional extension not to exceed six years to an alien to enable him or her to secure citizenship or permanent resident status, provided such status is being actively pursued. No current faculty member shall be displaced by the holder of a restricted dental faculty license.

1. On recommendation of the board, the department may issue a limited permit to a graduate of a dental college who meets the educational qualifications for admission to the licensing examination in dentistry for employment in a hospital or dental facility approved by an appropriate agency, while under the direction or supervision of a licensed dentist. No such permit shall be issued or renewed unless such graduate has a bona fide offer of a position in such a hospital or dental facility.
2. On recommendation of the board, the department may issue a limited permit for instructing in dentistry to a dentist not licensed under this article to be employed by a registered school of dentistry or dental hygiene to instruct and supervise clinical dentistry or dental hygiene for students in such a registered school in the state, and in so doing to practice dentistry as defined in this article, but only on the premises of such registered school or such other premises as may be used for instruction in the program of education conducted by such institution. No person shall be permitted or authorized to instruct and supervise clinical dentistry for students unless such person is licensed in this state or holds the foregoing limited permit for instructing in dentistry.
3. The holder of a limited permit under this section may practice dentistry, as defined in this article, but only in the performance of duties required by the position for which the limited permit is issued. Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize such unlicensed dentist to engage in the private practice of dentistry.
4. A limited permit under this section shall be valid for one year or until ten days after notification of denial of an application for license. A limited permit may be renewed for one year, except if the applicant is serving in a residency program in a hospital or school of dentistry in this state. A limited permit may be renewed annually for the duration of such residency program. The fee for each limited permit and for each renewal shall be one hundred five dollars.
5. Notwithstanding subdivision one of this section, dental school graduates who meet the license requirement for education pursuant to subdivision two of section sixty-six hundred four of this article shall be deemed to be exempt persons pursuant to section sixty-six hundred ten of this article and shall not be required to obtain a limited permit, provided that they are employed in an approved residency program for the purpose of fulfilling initial licensure requirements pursuant to section sixty-six hundred four of this article. Not later than sixty days after entry into an approved residency program, the dental resident shall register on a form acceptable to the commissioner and pay to the department a residency registration fee established by the department, which residency registration fee shall be reasonable and shall not exceed the limited permit fee specified in subdivision four of this section. All persons deemed exempt pursuant to this section shall be subject to all provisions of article one hundred thirty of this title, including but not limited to having disciplinary action taken against their residency registration status.

1. A licensed dentist shall not employ conscious sedation, deep sedation or general anesthesia in the practice of dentistry, at any location other than a general hospital, without a dental anesthesia certificate issued by the department.
2. The commissioner shall promulgate regulations, establishing standards and procedures for the issuance of certificates. Such standards shall require completion of an educational program and/or course of training or experience sufficient to ensure that a dentist is specifically trained in the use and administration of conscious sedation, deep sedation or general anesthesia and in the possible effects of such use, and in the recognition of and response to possible emergency situations. Such regulations may also establish standards and safeguards for the use of conscious sedation, deep sedation or general anesthesia.
3. Nothing in this section shall limit a dentist's use of local anesthesia, a dentist's use of nitrous oxide, or a dentist's use of any other substance or agent for a purpose other than achieving deep sedation, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia.
4. The fee for a dental anesthesia certificate shall be one hundred dollars and shall be paid on a triennial basis upon renewal of such certificate. A certificate may be suspended or revoked in the same manner as a license to practice dentistry.

1. A dental hygienist shall not administer or monitor nitrous oxide analgesia or local infiltration anesthesia in the practice of dental hygiene without a dental hygiene restricted local infiltration anesthesia/nitrous oxide analgesia certificate and except under the personal supervision of a dentist and in conjunction with the performance of dental hygiene procedures authorized by law and in accordance with regulations promulgated by the commissioner. Personal supervision, for purposes of this section, means that the supervising dentist remains in the dental office where the local infiltration anesthesia or nitrous oxide analgesia services are being performed, personally authorizes and prescribes the use of local infiltration anesthesia or nitrous oxide analgesia for the patient and, before dismissal of the patient, personally examines the condition of the patient after the use of local infiltration anesthesia or nitrous oxide analgesia is completed. It is professional misconduct for a dentist to fail to provide the supervision required by this section, and any dentist found guilty of such misconduct under the procedures prescribed in section sixty-five hundred ten of this title shall be subject to the penalties prescribed in section sixty-five hundred eleven of this title.
2. The commissioner shall promulgate regulations establishing standards and procedures for the issuance of such certificate. Such standards shall require completion of an educational program and/or course of training or experience sufficient to ensure that a dental hygienist is specifically trained in the administration and monitoring of nitrous oxide analgesia and local infiltration anesthesia, the possible effects of such use, and in the recognition of and response to possible emergency situations.
3. The fee for a dental hygiene restricted local infiltration anesthesia/nitrous oxide analgesia certificate shall be twenty-five dollars and shall be paid on a triennial basis upon renewal of such certificate. A certificate may be suspended or revoked in the same manner as a license to practice dental hygiene.

1. The practice of the profession of dental hygiene is defined as the performance of dental services which shall include removing calcareous deposits, accretions and stains from the exposed surfaces of the teeth which begin at the epithelial attachment and applying topical agents indicated for a complete dental prophylaxis, removing cement, placing or removing rubber dam, removing sutures, placing matrix band, providing patient education, applying topical medication, placing and exposing diagnostic dental X-ray films, performing topical fluoride applications and topical anesthetic applications, polishing teeth, taking medical history, charting caries, taking impressions for study casts, placing and removing temporary restorations, administering and monitoring nitrous oxide analgesia and administering and monitoring local infiltration anesthesia, subject to certification in accordance with section sixty-six hundred five-b of this article, and any other function in the definition of the practice of dentistry as may be delegated by a licensed dentist in accordance with regulations promulgated by the commissioner. The practice of dental hygiene may be conducted in the office of any licensed dentist or in any appropriately equipped school or public institution but must be done either under the supervision of a licensed dentist or, in the case of a registered dental hygienist working for a hospital as defined in article twenty-eight of the public health law, pursuant to a collaborative arrangement with a licensed and registered dentist who has a formal relationship with the same hospital in accordance with regulations promulgated by the department in consultation with the department of health. Such collaborative arrangement shall not obviate or supersede any law or regulation which requires identified services to be performed under the personal supervision of a dentist. When dental hygiene services are provided pursuant to a collaborative agreement, such dental hygienist shall instruct individuals to visit a licensed dentist for comprehensive examination or treatment.
2. The commissioner shall promulgate regulations defining the functions a dental hygienist may perform that are consistent with the training and qualifications for a license as a dental hygienist.

Only a person licensed under section sixty-six hundred nine of this article or exempt shall practice dental hygiene or use the title "dental hygienist".

The practice of registered dental assisting is defined as providing supportive services to a dentist in his or her performance of dental services authorized under this article. Such support shall include providing patient education, taking preliminary medical histories and vital signs to be reviewed by the dentist, placing and removing rubber dams, selecting and prefitting provisional crowns, selecting and prefitting orthodontic bands, removing orthodontic arch wires and ligature ties, placing and removing matrix bands, taking impressions for study casts or diagnostic casts, removing periodontal dressings, and such other dental supportive services authorized by the dentist consistent with regulations promulgated by the commissioner, provided that such functions are performed under the direct personal supervision of a licensed dentist in the course of the performance of dental services. Such services shall not include diagnosing and/or performing surgical procedures, irreversible procedures or procedures that would alter the hard or soft tissue of the oral and maxillofacial area or any other procedures determined by the department. The practice of registered dental assisting may be conducted in the office of any licensed dentist or in any appropriately equipped school or public institution but must be done under the direct personal supervision of a licensed dentist. Direct personal supervision, for purposes of this section, means supervision of dental procedures based on instructions given by a licensed dentist in the course of a procedure who remains in the dental office where the supportive services are being performed, personally diagnoses the condition to be treated, personally authorizes the procedures, and before dismissal of the patient, who remains the responsibility of the licensed dentist, evaluates the services performed by the registered dental assistant. Nothing herein authorizes a registered dental assistant to perform any of the services or functions defined as part of the practice of dental hygiene in accordance with the provisions of subdivision one of section sixty-six hundred six of this article, except those functions authorized pursuant to this section. All dental supportive services provided in this section may be performed by currently registered dental hygienists either under a dentist's supervision, as defined in regulations of the commissioner, or, in the case of a registered dental hygienist working for a hospital as defined in article twenty-eight of the public health law, pursuant to a collaborative arrangement with a licensed dentist in accordance with subdivision one of section sixty-six hundred six of this article. Such collaborative arrangement shall not obviate or supersede any law or regulation which requires identified services to be performed under the personal supervision of a dentist.

Only a person certified under section sixty-six hundred eight-b of this article or exempt pursuant to section sixty-six hundred ten of this article shall practice registered dental assisting. Only a person certified pursuant to section sixty-six hundred eight-b of this article shall use the title "registered dental assistant".

To qualify for certification as a registered dental assistant, an applicant shall fulfill the following requirements:

1. Application: file an application with the department;
2. Age: be at least eighteen years of age;
3. Fees: pay a fee of forty-five dollars to the department for initial certification and a fee of fifty dollars for each triennial registration period;
4. Education and experience: (A) have received a high school diploma, or its equivalent, and (B) have successfully completed, in accordance with the commissioner's regulations, (i) an approved one-year course of study in dental assisting in a degree-granting institution or a board of cooperative educational services program which includes at least two hundred hours of clinical experience, or an equivalent approved course of study in dental assisting in a non-degree granting institution which shall not be a professional association or professional organization or (ii) an alternate course of study in dental assisting acceptable to the department which shall be provided by a degree-granting institution or a board of cooperative educational services program which includes at least one thousand hours of relevant work experience;
5. Examination: pass an examination in dental assisting given by an organization which administers such examinations and which is acceptable to the department; and
6. Character: be of good moral character as determined by the department.

Nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or prevent a student from engaging in any procedure authorized under section sixty-six hundred eight of this article in clinical practice as part of a course of study approved by the department pursuant to subdivision four of section sixty-six hundred eight-b of this article.

The department shall issue a limited permit to an applicant who meets all requirements for admission to the licensing examination. All practice under a limited permit shall be under the direct personal supervision of a licensed dentist. Limited permits shall be for one year and may be renewed at the discretion of the department for one additional year. The fee for each limited permit and for each renewal shall be forty dollars.

To qualify for a license as a dental hygienist, an applicant shall fulfill the following requirements:

1. Application: file an application with the department;
2. Education: have received an education, including high school graduation and completion of a program in dental hygiene, in accordance with the commissioner's regulations;
3. Experience: have experience satisfactory to the board and in accordance with the commissioner's regulations;
4. Examination: pass an examination satisfactory to the board and in accordance with the commissioner's regulations;
5. Age: be at least seventeen years of age;
6. Citizenship or immigration status: be a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States; provided, however, that the board of regents may grant a three year waiver for an alien to practice in an area which has been designated a federal dental health professions shortage area, except that the board of regents may grant an additional extension not to exceed six years to an alien to enable him or her to secure citizenship or permanent resident status, provided such status is being actively pursued;
7. Character: be of good moral character as determined by the department; and
8. Fees: pay a fee of one hundred fifteen dollars to the department for admission to a department conducted examination and for an initial license, a fee of fifty dollars for each reexamination, a fee of seventy dollars for an initial license for persons not requiring admission to a department conducted examination, and a fee of fifty dollars for each triennial registration period.

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   1. Each dental hygienist, licensed pursuant to this article and required to register triennially with the department to practice in this state shall comply with the provisions of the mandatory continuing education requirements, except as set forth in paragraphs (B) and (C) of this subdivision. Dental hygienists who do not satisfy the mandatory continuing education requirements shall not practice until they have met such requirements and have been issued a registration or conditional registration certificate.
   2. Dental hygienists shall be exempt from the mandatory continuing education requirement for the triennial registration period during which they are first licensed. In accordance with the intent of this section, adjustments to the mandatory continuing education requirement may be granted by the department for reasons of health, certified by a physician, for extended active duty with the Armed Forces of the United States, or for other good cause acceptable to the department which may prevent compliance.
   3. A licensed dental hygienist not engaged in the practice of dental hygiene shall be exempt from the mandatory continuing education requirement upon the filing of a statement with the department declaring such status. Any licensee who returns to the practice of dental hygiene during the triennial registration period shall notify the department prior to reentering the profession and shall meet such mandatory continuing education requirements as shall be prescribed by regulation of the commissioner.
2. During each triennial registration period an applicant for registration shall complete a minimum of twenty-four hours of acceptable formal continuing education including currently mandated child abuse reporting instruction and infection control training as approved by the department. Of these twenty-four hours a maximum of ten hours may be self-instructional coursework as approved by the department. Any dental hygienist whose first registration date following the effective date of this section occurs less than three years from such effective date, but on or after January first, nineteen hundred ninety-eight, shall complete continuing education hours on a prorated basis at the rate of one and one-quarter hours per month for the period beginning January first, nineteen hundred ninety-seven up to the first registration date thereafter. A licensee who has not satisfied the mandatory continuing education requirements shall not be issued a triennial registration certificate by the department and shall not practice unless and until a conditional registration certificate is issued as provided in subdivision three of this section. The individual licensee shall determine the selection of courses or programs of study pursuant to subdivision four of this section.
3. The department, in its discretion, may issue a conditional registration to a licensee who fails to meet the continuing education requirements established in subdivision two of this section but who agrees to make up any deficiencies and take any additional education which the department may require. The fee for such a conditional registration shall be the same as, and in addition to, the fee for the triennial registration. The duration of such conditional registration shall be determined by the department. Any licensee who is notified of the denial of registration for failure to submit evidence, satisfactory to the department, of completion of required continuing education and who practices dental hygiene without such registration, may be subject to disciplinary proceedings pursuant to section sixty-five hundred ten of this title.
4. As used in this section, "acceptable formal continuing education" shall mean formal programs of learning which contribute to professional practice and which meet the standards prescribed by regulations of the commissioner. To fulfill the mandatory continuing education requirement, programs must be taken from sponsors approved by the department, pursuant to the regulations of the commissioner.
5. The mandatory continuing education fee of thirty dollars shall be payable on or before the first day of each triennial registration period, and shall be paid in addition to the triennial registration fee required by section sixty-six hundred nine of this article.

1. A limited permit to practice dental hygiene may be granted to an individual who has, to the satisfaction of the department, met all the requirements of section six thousand six hundred nine of this article, but has not yet passed the examination required by subdivision four of such section.
2. A limited permit shall authorize the holder to practice dental hygiene as defined in section sixty-six hundred six of this article, but only under the personal supervision of a licensed dentist, as defined in regulations promulgated by the commissioner.
3. Limited permits shall be issued for a period of one year and may be renewed at the discretion of the department for one additional year.
4. The fee for a limited permit and for each renewal shall be fifty dollars.

Nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or prevent:

1. An unlicensed person from performing solely mechanical work upon inert matter in a dental office or on a dental laboratory prescription of a dentist holding a license or limited permit;
2. A student from engaging in clinical practice as part of a registered program operated by a school of dentistry under supervision of a dentist holding a license or limited permit for instructing in dentistry in a school of dentistry:
3. A student from engaging in any procedure authorized under section sixty-six hundred six of this article in clinical practice as part of a registered program in dental hygiene under supervision of a dentist holding a license or a limited permit for instructing in dentistry in a school of dental hygiene;
4. An employee of a federal agency from using the title of and practicing as a dentist or dental hygienist insofar as such activities are required by his salaried position;
5. A dentist or a dental hygienist licensed in some other state or country from making a teaching clinical demonstration before a regularly organized dental or medical society or group, or from meeting licensed dentists in this state for consultation, provided such activities are limited to such demonstration or consultation.
6. A dentist licensed in another state or country who is employed on a full-time basis by a registered dental school as a faculty member with the rank of assistant professor or higher from conducting research and clinical demonstrations as a part of such employment, under the supervision of a licensed dentist and on the premises of the school. No fee may be charged for the practice of dentistry authorized by this subdivision.
7. A dentist licensed in another state or country who is visiting an approved dental school or any other entity operating a residency program that has been accredited by a national accrediting body approved by the department to receive dental instruction for a period not to exceed ninety days from engaging in clinical practice, provided such practice is limited to such instruction and is under the direct supervision of a licensed dentist.
8. Any student matriculated in an accredited dental school located outside New York state from engaging in appropriately supervised clinical practice as part of the school's dental program in a teaching hospital which has a teaching affiliation agreement with the student's dental school.

1. Except upon the written dental laboratory prescription of a licensed dentist and except by the use of impressions or casts made by a licensed dentist, no dental laboratory shall furnish, supply, construct, reproduce, place, adjust, or repair any dental prosthesis, device, or appliance. A dental laboratory prescription shall be made out in duplicate. It shall contain such data as may be prescribed by the commissioner's regulations. One copy shall be retained by the practitioner of dentistry for a period of one year. The other copy shall be issued to the person, firm or corporation engaged in filling dental laboratory prescriptions, who or which shall each retain and file in their respective offices or places of business their respective copies for a period of one year.
2. The department is empowered to inspect and to have access to all places, including the office or offices of a licensed dentist, where copies of dental laboratory prescriptions issued by him are retained as required by this section, and to all places where dental laboratory prescriptions are filled or to any workroom or workrooms in which prosthetic restorations, prosthetic dentures, bridges, orthodontic or other appliances or structures to be used as substitutes for natural teeth or tissue or for the correction of malocclusion or deformities are made, repaired or altered, with power to subpoena and examine records of dental laboratory prescriptions. A person who fails to grant access to such places or who fails to maintain prescriptions as required by this section shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
3. The department may arrange for the conduct of clinical examinations in the clinic of any school of dentistry or dental hygiene within or outside the state for dental or dental hygiene candidates.
4. A not-for-profit dental or medical expense indemnity corporation or hospital service corporation organized under the insurance law or pursuant to special legislation may enter into contracts with dentists or partnerships of dentists to provide dental care on its behalf for persons insured under its contracts or policies.
5. Legally incorporated dental corporations existing and in operation prior to January first, nineteen hundred sixteen, may continue to operate through licensed dentists while conforming to the provisions of this title. Any such corporation which shall be dissolved or cease to exist or operate for any reason whatsoever shall not be permitted to resume operations. No such corporation shall change its name or sell its franchise or transfer its corporate rights directly or indirectly, by transfer of capital stock control or otherwise, to any person or to another corporation without permission from the department, and any corporation so changing its name or so transferring its franchise or corporate rights without such permission shall be deemed to have forfeited its rights to exist and may be dissolved by an action brought by the attorney general.
6. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of any general, special or local law, any licensed dentist who voluntarily and without the expectation of monetary compensation renders first aid or emergency treatment at the scene of an accident or other emergency, outside of a hospital or any other place having proper and necessary medical equip- ment, to a person who is unconscious, ill or injured shall not be liable for damages for injuries alleged to have been sustained by such person or for damages for the death of such person alleged to have occurred by reason of an act or omission in the rendering of such first aid or emergency treatment unless it is established that such injuries were or such death was caused by gross negligence on the part of such dentist. Nothing in this subdivision shall be deemed or construed to relieve a licensed dentist from liability for damages for injuries or death caused by an act or omission on the part of a dentist while rendering professional services in the normal and ordinary course of practice.
7. Any dentist or dental hygienist, who in the performance of dental services, x-rays the mouth or teeth of a patient shall during the performance of such x-rays shield the torso and thyroid area of such patient including but not limited to the gonads and other reproductive organs with a lead apron thyroid collar, or other similar protective garment or device. Notwithstanding the provisions of this subdivision, if in the dentist's professional judgment the use of a thyroid collar would be inappropriate under the circumstances, because of the nature of the patient, the type of x-ray being taken, or other factors, the dentist or dental hygienist need not shield the thyroid area.
8. An unlicensed person may provide supportive services to a dentist incidental to and concurrent with such dentist personally performing a service or procedure. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to allow an unlicensed person to provide any service which constitutes the practice of dentistry or dental hygiene as defined in this article.
9. There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against, any person, partnership, corporation, firm, society, or other entity on account of the communication of information in the possession of such person or entity, or on account of any recommendation or evaluation, regarding the qualifications, fitness, or professional conduct or practices of a dentist, to any governmental agency, dental or specialists society, or hospital as defined in article twenty-eight of the public health law. The foregoing shall not apply to information which is untrue and communicated with malicious intent.
10. Each dentist and registered dental hygienist working for a hospital as defined in article twenty-eight of the public health law who practices in collaboration with a licensed dentist shall become certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from an approved provider and thereafter maintain current certification, which shall be included in the mandatory hours of continuing education acceptable for dentists to the extent provided in the commissioner's regulations. In the event the dentist or registered dental hygienist cannot physically perform CPR, the commissioner's regulations shall allow the dentist or registered dental hygienist to make arrangements for another individual in the office to administer CPR. All dental facilities shall have an automatic external defibrillator or other defibrillator at the facility.

1. Except as provided herein, every dentist licensed in this state making or directing to be made a removable prosthetic denture, bridge, appliance or other structure to be used and worn as a substitute for natural teeth, shall offer to the patient for whom the prosthesis is intended the opportunity to have such prosthesis marked with the patient's name or initials. Such markings shall be accomplished at the time the prosthesis is made and the location and methods used to apply or implant them shall be determined by the dentist or the person acting on behalf of the dentist. Such marking shall be permanent, legible and cosmetically acceptable.
2. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if in the judgment of the dentist or the person making the prosthesis, such identification is not practicable or clinically safe, the identification marks may be omitted entirely.
3. The commissioner shall adopt rules and regulations and provide standards necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.

Any machine used in a dental office for the administration of nitrous oxide to a patient shall be equipped with a scavenging system that appropriately minimizes leakage of nitrous oxide.